Kegagalan Fatal Perangkat Lunak pada Sistem Berbasis Mikroprosesor
Kegagalan Fatal Perangkat Lunak pada Sistem Berbasis Mikroprosesor
Berikut ini beberapa kecelakaan yang terjadi karena kegagalan pada sistem mikroprosesor, terutama yang disebabkan kesalahan di perangkat lunak (software).
Toyota Unintended Acceleration
Mobil Toyota melakukan akselerasi sendiri tanpa diperintah oleh pengemudi. Korban total 89 orang. Penyebab: kesalahan pada software ETCS (Electronic Throttle Control) pada mobil Camry,Lexus ES, Tacoma buatan Toyota.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_unintended_acceleration#Sudden_acceleration_in_Toyota_vehicles
- http://www.safetyresearch.net/Library/BarrSlides_FINAL_SCRUBBED.pdf
- https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/pubs/koopman14_toyota_ua_slides.pdf
- https://www.cbsnews.com/news/toyota-unintended-acceleration-has-killed-89/
- https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/money/cars/2014/03/19/toyotas-unintended-acceleration-ordeal/6604231/
- Why every embedded software developer should care about the Toyota verdict
- A rebuttal to “Why every embedded software developer should care about the Toyota verdict”
Roket Ariane 5 flight V88(1996)
Roket Ariane 5 gagal meluncur karena bugs pada software. Masalah di konversi floating 64 bit ke signed integer 16 bit.
- https://www.bugsnag.com/blog/bug-day-ariane-5-disaster
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_flight_V88#Launch_failure
- A space error: 370000000 $ for an integer overflow
Mesin Terapi Radiasi Therac 25 (1985 ~ 1987)
Therac-25 adalah mesin untuk melakukan terapi radiasi pada pasien. Bugs pada software menyebabkan dosis radiasi melebihi batas. Korban 6 orang: 3 pasien meninggal, 3 pasien luka.
- https://hackaday.com/2015/10/26/killed-by-a-machine-the-therac-25/
- https://tildesites.bowdoin.edu/~allen/courses/cs260/readings/therac.pdf
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therac-25
- The Therac-25: 30 Years Later
- How Therac-25 Worked
Mesin Terapi Radiasi Cobalt-60
Bugs pada software menyebabkan dosis radiasi melebihi batas. Korban meninggal: 5 orang, 15 orang lainnya terkena over-radiation.
- https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/alerts-and-notices/fda-statement-radiation-overexposures-panama
- https://www.eweek.com/it-management/can-software-kill/
- Cobalt-60 Disaster
Airbus A400M Crash
Pesawat A400M jatuh karena 3 dari 4 mesin mati.
“The key scenario being examined by investigators is that the torque calibration parameter data was accidentally wiped on three engines as the engine software was being installed at Airbus facilities, which would prevent the FADECs from operating”
Boeing 737 MAX MCAS
Software MCAS (Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System) menyebabkan 2 buah pesawat Boeing 737 MAX jatuh. Softwarenya sendiri tidak bermasalah, namun proses engineering pada pembuatannya yang bermasalah.
- How the Boeing 737 MAX Disaster Looks to A Software Developer
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneuvering_Characteristics_Augmentation_System
Mars Climate Orbiter
Kesalahan satuan pada software menyebabkan wahana Mars Climate Orbiter gagal mengorbit Mars.
Soviet Early Warning System Faulty Reports (1983)
Pada era perang dingin, USSR memiliki sistem pendeteksi (early warning) peluncuran rudal antar benua (ICBM) dari Amerika. Sistem ini gagal bekerja karena terjadi false positive.
“the false alarm was eventually traced to the satellite, which picked up the sun’s reflection off the tops of clouds and mistook it for a missile launch. The computer program that was supposed to filter out such information was rewritten.”
Patriot Missile Failure (1991)
Patriot Missile adalah Surface to Air Missile (SAM). Pada perang teluk (Gulf War), Rudal Patriot ini gagal menembak misil Scud yang ditembakkan dari Iraq. Akibatnya 28 orang tentara meninggal dan 100 orang luka.
- https://barrgroup.com/software-expert-witness/articles/case-study-lethal-software-defects-patriot-missile-failure
- https://www-users.cse.umn.edu/~arnold/disasters/patriot.html
Self Driving Car (2018)
Mobil otonom (self driving car) menabrak pejalan kaki
The sinking of the Sleipner A offshore platform (1991)
Anjungan lepas pantai, teggelam karena kesalahan di program finite element yang dipakai untuk desain.
- https://www-users.cse.umn.edu/~arnold/disasters/sleipner.html
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleipner_A#1991_accident
Referensi
- https://www.pingdom.com/blog/10-historical-software-bugs-with-extreme-consequences/
- https://medium.com/swlh/when-software-kills-ab6f48a15825
- https://www.computerworld.com/article/2515483/epic-failures-11-infamous-software-bugs.html
- https://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~mignotte/IFT2425/Disasters.html
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety-critical_system