One of the parameters that need to be measured on a fuel motor is compression pressure. Questions to try answered: whether the water pressure sensor can be used to measure compression pressure, considering that the pressure gauge is very useful to use in a motorcycle workshop.
First let’s check what happens to the compression of motor fuels.
In the case of compression, the pressure will increase, and the fuel temperature increases as well. The increase can be calculated with the formula P. V = n.R. T, but the measurement results may not be exactly 100% with the calculation because there is no idea here and there.
The initial pressure of the fuel Chamber is 1 atmosphere, when the pressure compression will rise according to the compression ratio. The Motor is usually a compression ratio between 9.5 to 11.6, so consider that pressure will rise from 1 atmosphere to 11.6 atmospheres. Temperature will also increase, from some reference temperature number around 300 degrees Celsius.
Specifications are important according to the datasheet:
Wokring Voltage: DC 5 ± 0.5 V
Working Current: ≤ 10mA (DC 5V)
Working Voltage: DC 0.5 ~ 4.5 V
Working Pressure Rate Range: 0 ~ 1.2 Mpa
Max. Pressure: 2.4 Mpa
Destructive Pressure: 3.0 Mpa
Working Temperature:-20 ~ + 105 Ԩ
Storage Temperature:-20 ~ + 105 Ԩ
Measurement Accuracy: ± 1.5% FS
Response Time: ≤ 2.0 ms
IP65
Cycle Life: 1 million PCs
The pressure limit is 1.2 Mpa, or 1.2 x 9.86923 = 11.843976 Atmosphere, while compression pressure is 11.6 atmosphere, so the sensor is still qualified from the pressure aspect.
The temperature limit is 105 degrees Celsius, so this sensor cannot be used because the temperature of the fuel can reach 300 degrees Celsius.
Conclusion
Water pressure sensor is not suitable to measure pressure on a combustion engine chamber.
Some electronic circuits require a clock with a certain frequency to be able to work, for example, a microprocessor/microcontroller system and a synchronous digital circuit. In this article we outlined several clock sources with various accuracy.
In brief, commonly used clock sources are as follows:
Inductor-based oscillator/capacitor
Crystal-based oscillators: crystal only, temperature compensated crystals (TCXO and MCXO), crystal with oven (OCXO), Crystal with GPS (GPSDO)
Inductor & Capacitor based Oscillators Clock Circuit
Oscillators produce sinusoidal waves with a certain frequency. Generally oscillators are made with passive components of resistors, inductors and capacitors, as well as active components of transistors or op-amps.
The frequency of signals generated on this type of circuit depends on the inductor/capacitor value used. The inductors/capacitors are subject to change due to temperature timing or effect, so the frequency of the resulting signal is also changed, hence the frequency accuracy is low.
Here is an example of a series of oscillators with active components transisto[sumber]r.
Oscillators with transistors
Here is an example of a relaxation oscillator with an active component op-amp. [sumber]
Oscillators with op-amps
Crystal-based Oscillators Circuit
In this type of oscillator, the clock signal is generated using a piezoelectric material that vibrates with a certain frequency. The vibration frequency of the piezoelectric material is determined by its size, so the frequency of the resulting signal can be very precise.
The crystal frequency value is generally expressed for certain temperatures. The physical size of the crystals is affected by temperature, so if the temperature changes, the frequency of the resulting clock signal also changes.
Here’s an example of a crystal physical form[sumber]
Crystal for clock circuit
To be able to generate a clock signal, crystals still need to be connected with several components. Examples of crystal-based oscillators such as the following[sumber]
Crystal Colpitts Oscillator
In most microcontrollers, it has been prepared with the clock circuit inside the microcontroller, so as to activate the crystal is quite connected to the microcontroller and added 2 pieces of capacitor. The capacitor values are generally adjusted to the type & crystal size used, and are already defined in the microcontroller datasheet. [sumber]
Crystal oscillators for microcontrollers/microprocessors
Crystal Oscillator with Temperature Compensation for Clock: TCXO, MCXO & OCXO
The usual crystal oscillator has weakness, which is the frequency value still changing against the temperature. To overcome this, it can be used crystals whose frequency is compensated for temperature changes. This component is referred to as Temperature Compensated Crystal (TCXO). At TCXO, compensation is made analogous to adding a certain series.
There is also digital compensation by adding microprocessors, with Microcontroller Compensation (MCXO) technology.
TCXO and MCXO are already available in the form of modules, making it easier to use.
The popular TCXO example is used as the real time clock is DS3231 from Maxim Integrated. DS3231 is sold in the form of modules that are already equipped with a Lithium battery so that the time stored in it is not lost if the power source is turned off.
In this type of oscillator, as a source of frequency used crystals are maintained with a temperature control system. This system is also called as Crystal Oven or Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator (OCXO)
OCXO dimensions are quite large, because in it there must be a series of heaters, temperature controllers and insulators so that the temperature is stable.
OCXO physical Form
The precise comparison of crystal oscillators can be seen in the following table[source]
Crystal Oscillator Clock with GPS (Global Positioning System)
If the accuracy of the OCXO crystals is still lacking, the precision can still be improved using the help of GPS signals. This system is referred to as GPS Clock or GPS disciplined oscillator (GPSDO).
The clock circuits have various accuracy , drift, power and weight. We must weigh those factors when we choose suitable clock source for our electronic system.
Oscillator comparison
Here are the differences between common types of crystal oscillators:
XO (Crystal Oscillator): An XO, or crystal oscillator, is the simplest and most common type of oscillator. It uses a quartz crystal resonator to generate a precise frequency. XO’s typically have a frequency stability of +/- 50 ppm (parts per million).
MCXO (Microcomputer Compensated Crystal Oscillator): An MCXO is a type of oscillator that uses a microcomputer to compensate for changes in temperature and other environmental factors that can affect the oscillator’s frequency stability. MCXOs typically have a frequency stability of +/- 5 ppm.
TCXO (Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator): A TCXO is a type of oscillator that uses a temperature-compensating circuit to maintain a stable frequency over a range of temperatures. TCXOs typically have a frequency stability of +/- 1 ppm to 5 ppm.
OCXO (Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator): An OCXO is a type of oscillator that uses a temperature-controlled oven to maintain a constant temperature around the crystal resonator, resulting in a high degree of frequency stability. OCXOs typically have a frequency stability of +/- 0.01 ppm to 0.1 ppm.
The main difference between these types of oscillators is their frequency stability, which is a measure of how well they can maintain a precise frequency over time and in varying environmental conditions. The stability of an oscillator is typically expressed in ppm (parts per million), with a lower ppm indicating a more stable oscillator. The cost of these oscillators also increases with their frequency stability, with XO being the cheapest and OCXO being the most expensive. The choice of oscillator will depend on the specific requirements and performance level needed for the application.
Here are some examples of DC motor control training kits for laboratory purposes. The search method is through search with the keyword "DC motor control trainer". The purpose of this survey is to compare with the built-in DC Motor Control laboratory module.
The first example is Quanser Engineering Trainer, DC Motor Control. This product is used by Lund University.
Photograph Of The QET DC Motor Control Trainer (DCMCT)Screen Capture Of The QICii SoftwareScreen Capture Of The Haptic Ball And Beam System
Rotary Encoder 400 pulse, shaft 6 Mmnumber of pulsejet can actually be any, more then more thorough. If for speed control only, enough that 2 outputs: A and B if for a position, it is better to use the 3 outputs: A, B and Z, so as not to bother to reset the position
Rotary Encoder example with 2 outputs: https://www.aliexpress.com/item/AB-Two-phase-5-24V-400-Pulses-Incremental-Optical-Rotary-Encoder-1Pcs-set/32589295639.html
Price: USD 11.79
Two pieces of Aluminium 5mm plate as a moment of Inertia and thick can be adjusted to the desire, such as how many moments of inertial are desirable for the trial kit. Sea rchable by keyword "5 mm aluminium Plate" Example: https://www.tokopedia.com/endoshop88/plat-aluminium-5-x-150-x-300Plat aluminium should also be connected to an 8 mm shaft, so it should be discussed first with a mechanical workshop that will work on it. It usually needs additional aluminum shaft to connect this aluminum plate to the 8 MMM stainless steel shaft
The price and availability of the components in each store are subject to change. Preferably checked in various stores to get the cheapest price.
Postage varies depending on the seller and the shipping distance
Size can be modified, e.g. shaft size is 8 mm, but can also use other sizes.
Mounting price is not included. In the example of using wooden mat so easy, but if you want better can also use a holder of an aluminium or iron plate.
